Carbon Dioxide *IS* pollution and *DOES* endanger people

Pollution has a clear definition. It's anything that humans put into the environment that causes harm. Harms that can get something classified as pollution include:

1) Harm to plants or animals.
2) Harm to human health.
3) Hindrance of human activities - for example, making water unsafe to swim or fish in.
4) Reducing "ecosystem functionality" - making nature less able to do the important things it does, like processing waste and providing fresh water, food, oxygen.

A complication that confuses people is that many pollutants are also naturally-occurring substances, which only become harmful when humans put them into the environment at unnaturally high levels or in contexts where they are inappropriate. These are called "Quantitative Pollutants" and include things like nutrients, ozone, and carbon dioxide. My favorite example of a quantitative pollutant is pure fresh water - if you dump too much fresh water into an estuary all at once it can cause harm by killing the saltwater-dependent organisms.

The less-confusing type of pollutants are "Qualitative Pollutants" - substances that NEVER occur naturally, like plastics and synthetic chemicals. Their identity as pollutants is independent of context. For example, there's no normal, healthy level of plastic in the environment.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a quantitative pollutant. It's occurs naturally as a minor but important component of Earth's atmosphere. Minor because it makes up less than 0.05% of atmospheric gas composition, but important because it's essential in photosynthesis and other cycles of life, it strongly affects ocean chemistry and acidity, and it strongly affects the insulative properties of the atmosphere (and therefore weather and climate). Over the long history of earth there have been natural ups and downs in CO2, which have had huge consequences for climate and life. Even the relatively minor oscillations in CO2 from 0.018% - 0.030% over the last 800,000 years have affected our repeated cycling into and out of glacial periods. (You can see the CO2 record of both the recent and distant past at https://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/).

Given how sensitive vital climate and ecosystem processes are to atmospheric CO2 levels, it's alarming that recent human activities (deforestation and fossil fuel burning) have increased the CO2 concentration from 0.028% (the stable average of the last 12,000 years) to 0.043%; way higher than any level seen in over a million years. And the increase has been sudden, mainly happening since the industrial revolution around 1850. Does the man-made increase in CO2 constitute pollution? I.e., does it cause any of the harms described at the beginning of this post? Yes. Here are some of the harms it causes:

1. Harm to plants and animals- Increasing CO2 alters photosynthetic processes in ways that favor some plants, disfavor others, and alter plant nutrition, messing up natural systems as well as crop production. Some of these effects were reviewed in a recent, high-profile review in the scientific journal Stress Biology - https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-025-00217-w Plants and animals are also harmed by CO2 effects on ocean chemistry. CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2O + CO2 = H2CO3), which increases the acidity of the ocean and impairs the ability of organisms like coral, plankton, and oysters to make shells and skeletons and carry out their normal life processes. Finally, the global warming caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 has a multitude of harms to species, from simply making it too hot for them to survive, to changing rainfall or other aspects of climate that organisms depend on. Clearly CO2 meets the "harm to plants and animals" criterion for being pollution.

2. Harm to human health- CO2 at high concentrations has direct negative effects on humans. At 0.1% concentration it starts to impair cognitive function, and at 4% concentration it can knock you unconscious. Right now those direct harms to human health are more of an indoor concern, like if you're in a poorly ventilated space with a lot of people exhaling or machinery running. But if we keep putting CO2 into the atmosphere at the rate we have been, the outdoor concentrations could also get to 0.1% cognitive impairment level in just 100 years or so. The more immediate human health impacts of CO2 pollution are the indirect health impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on humans. Like, we're more likely to experience starvation, malnutrition etc. as climate change and ocean acidification distrupt crop production, fisheries, etc. Just because an effect is indirect doesn't mean it's not strong and real.

3. Hindrance of human activities- Too hot to go outside, no snow to ski on, no fish to catch, etc. You get the picture.

4. Reducing ecosystem functionality- Excess CO2 definitely impairs ecosystem functions, as evidenced by a mountain of all sorts of different scientific studies of climate change, ocean acidification, and plant physiology disruption. Here is just one of many papers reviewing these studies- https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10040066

This is a figure from an introductory oceanography textbook that illustrates some of the harmful impacts of CO2 pollution the marine environment, specifically. It really is a huge cascade of harms.

For the reasons I've reviewed here, the identity of CO2 as a pollutant has long been recognized by the science and environmental management community. Of course, powerful polluters spend billions of dollars buying politicians and trying to downplay the CO2 pollution problem and resist CO2 pollution regulations. The US Environmental Protection Agency moved in the right direction in 2009 when it officially recognized that CO2 and other greenhouse gases were harmful to human health and welfare. Unfortunately the current US regime is highly corrupt and beholden to the fossil fuel industry and other CO2 polluters, and catering to those special interests they have repealed the 2009 decision. This is very foolish and irresponsible and will harm both nature and human life if it goes through, so various groups are launching legal challenges to the decision. It's not a done deal yet, and strong activism could stop it. I encourage you blog readers to learn about and support efforts to fight back. This might be a good place to start- https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/environmental-groups-vow-stop-trump-s-epa-revoking-endangerment-finding

Went to the new MOTE Aquarium in Sarasota

I'm on an advisory council for something called the "Seagrass Restoration Technology Development Initiative." The initiative is funded by the state of Florida and administered through a private organization called Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium. Periodically the group gets together and all the scientists funded by the initiative update the organizers and advisory council on their research activities and findings. Yesterday there was one of those get-togethers at Mote SEA - the organization's fancy new public aquarium at Nathan Benderson Park in Sarasota. It was neat for lots of reasons:

1. Nathan Benderson Park is a unique and impressive venue for competitive rowing and paddling. I'd been there to compete in "Sup 'n Run" races in 2016 and 2017 and to cheer Robert Norman's 24 hour SUP distance record attempt. I was nostalgic to see the place again.

2. The Mote SEA aquarium wasn't built yet when I did those sup things, but I'd seen the crazy building under construction from the freeway, so I was curious what it was like inside. Here are some pictures-

3. The seagrass science aspect of the meeting was even more interesting (to me) than the public aquarium. I brought my grad student along so she could absorb the latest info on how to characterize genetic diversity and stress-adaptations within seagrass plants. The hope is to use that knowledge to improve seagrass conservation and restoration success. Of course the other, even-more-important part of successful seagrass conservation and restoration is reducing the man-made environmental stressors that have been killing seagrass: nutrient pollution, climate change, coastal hardening and dredge/fill operations, etc. So let's not forget about that.

Finally free of Photobucket? + Old blog memories

My recent "fast" from FaceBook has given me the free time and head space to finally do something I should have done a long time ago- Download and rehost all my old blog photos that were formerly hosted on Photobucket. Photobucket is an awful, exploitative, F-rated by the Better Business Bureau company that has horribly mistreated its customers for decades and deserves to go out of business + probably have its executives fined and imprisoned. Even now that I've cancelled the autopayment on my account, I've been so wronged by them for years that I half expect them to still charge me next month somehow. I'll watch my bank account carefully to make sure I don't get robbed again.

On a better note, going through my old blog posts from 2007 - 2017 has been a personally poignant experience, forcing me to reflect on the ups and downs of my adult life so far. Sometimes I cringe at the things I did or said in the past, or my general tone: judgemental, sophomoric, bragging and humble-bragging, etc. I have alternately tried on wise-old-man and cool-young-dude voices with neither being quite genuine. But overall I feel good about my process and progress as a human being. I'm proud of hacking it fairly well as a marine biologist, husband, and amateur watersports athelete, and I'm proud of maintaining a pretty good moral posture in a politically fraught and environmentally threatened world starved for love and goodness. In addition to the stuff suitable for blogging there have been some behind-the-scenes challenges and sad chapters that I think have weathered me helpfully. There is a long and rough road ahead but I'll keep walking it (and blogging it) as well as I can.

PS- If you want to get a little "catch up" on the parts of the journey that are most interesting to you, the links on the sidebar to search the blog by different keywords and time periods could be useful.

Much ado about falling iguanas, poor things

Last night and tonight will be among the coldest nights in SW Florida since Rhonda and I moved here in 2012. I don't think it's actually going to freeze, but it will get down to like 1 or 2 degrees Celsius, which is very cold for here. As usual the news and local authorities are making a big deal about cold-stunned green iguanas (Iguana iguana) falling out of trees. This year they're encouraging citizens to round up the cold-stunned ones and deliver them to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission for an opportunistic mass murder event.

I will not be participating in that. Green iguanas may be non-native, but they're peaceful, lazy vegetarians that seem to be very low on the harm scale compared to other invasives. I don't see how removing them from urban areas, which are already super invaded by HUMANS and all the non-native plants and animals we surround ourselves with, makes those areas any more natural. Maybe I'm biased because I had a cute iguana named Spike when I was a kid in Washington State, and whenever I see a feral iguana here it makes me think of him.

Today walking around a local park (I won't say which one) I came across this very chilly and sluggish young iguana doing her best to warm up on a south-facing mound of dirt. I'm hoping she makes it through the night and evades the do-gooders who would bag her off to iguana Auschwitz.

Manatees warming inland, wind addicts shredding in the Gulf

The Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is a subspecies of the West Indian Manatee. The other subspecies is the Antillean Manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus. The distinction is that only the Florida Manatee has to deal with cold water in winter. It does so by migrating inland to "warm water refugia" like freshwater springs. The Florida Manatee is also a little bigger than the Antillean Manatee, which might be another cold adaptation. Development in Florida has destroyed or cut off access to a lot of the natural warm water refugia, but at the same time we have inadvertently created some unnaturally warm areas (like powerplant outflows) that the manatees can use instead. One of those is Manatee Park in Fort Myers, which is on an offshoot of the Caloosahatchee Estuary warmed by effluent from a gas powerplant. It's a popular tourist destination in winter when the manatees are there. I got to go there on Thursday to give a talk about aquatic plant restoration to a nice group of staff and volunteers. We are trying to restore freshwater plants in the low salinity part of the Caloosahatchee so the manatees can eat those near the powerplant and not have to swim a long way through cold water and boat traffic to get to the seagrass beds near the coast. The freshwater plants were THICK in the 1980s and 1990s but some devastating saltwater intrusion events killed almost all of them. We're trying to manage the river flow better to avoid that, but it's hard because there are a lot of competing demands for the water. Rising sea level and other factors aren't helping. But we're doing our best. Anyway, seeing all those adorable potatos basking in the warm river reminded me what it's all about.

The other Florida winter thing I wanted to write about is windsurfing. I got a great session today in strong Northwest winds associated with what's supposed to be an exceptionally cold cold front. The air was about 14 Celsius on the beach at Wiggins Pass State Park, which would barely qualify as cold in Virginia or Massachusetts, so it wasn't too bad. I wore a 3 mm scuba wetsuit with a hooded neoprene vest underneath for some extra warmth, and that was perfect. Sometimes I peeled the hood back, but after a dousing or in chilly, peppering rain I would put it back on. The wind was just starting when I got to the beach and the waves hadn't built much yet. It was perfect for the 5.7 sail and 106 liter exocet cross.

Later the wind increased significantly and I switched to 4.7 and my smallest board (83 liters). The waves were bigger by then and I got some fun little rides.

There were a few nice kiteboarders there who I chatted with in the parking lot. Good times. :)

First time on a road bike after 40 years of other bicycling

Sometime in the mid 1980s, in Red Square at The Evergreen State College, I took my first terrified pedal on a bike with no training wheels. I think my dad held the seat at first, and then let go once I got going. Some crying and mild injuries were involved and it took some more time before I decided I liked biking. So, same story as learning to windsurf. Once I was big enough my parents bought me a mountain bike with gear shifters and hand brakes, and I made good use of it for play and early transportation independence. For example, when I did sailing day camp I would ride 2.3 km to the nearest bus stop (at Evergreen), lock up the bike, then ride the bus to the marina downtown. There was also a phase where I was riding it to high school (7 km), riding it to work at McDonalds (7.7 km), or riding it to the gym to lift weights (8.8 km). Those "long" rides had an element of self-paced athletic challenge that was confidence-building for me as someone who remained deathly afraid of school sports and other competitive stuff.

I'm not sure how it happened (maybe suggested by parents?), but in 1997 my Seattle friend Josh and I signed up for the 330 km (very long) "Seattle to Portland" bicycle ride. Racers do it in one day but normal riders do it in two, staying overnight in a gymasium or fairgrounds or something near the halfway point. The STP required some preparation because neither Josh nor I had ever ridden close to that distance previously. I prepped by getting some less-knobby tires for the mountain bike, putting little toe-baskets on the pedals, and finding some spandex shorts with paddling in the "seat" area. I did some longish rides around Olympia leading up to the race and figured I'd be fine. I was so confident I didn't even wear the padded shorts the first day (mistake). By the end of the second day I had identifed SEVEN different types of excruciating malady affecting my butt and private areas. I don't remember all seven now, but some were chafing, bruising, and blocked circulation. My legs were also so tired I could barely walk up stairs. So even though it was a neat to have done, the extreme butt-torture aspect of it effectively turned off any nascent interest in long distance bike riding / racing. Once I recovered I got back to using the bike for commuting and stuff, but never signed up for another long ride or race.

Anyway, there were no major changes to my bike situation for the next 29 years. The one I used for commuting in college was a mountain bike. I don't think I had a bike in grad school or in my postdoc jobs after that. Shortly after I moved to Florida in 2012 I got a silver Schwinn at Walmart that suited me well. I'm not sure what you'd call it- maybe a city-bike or a touring bike? It had 29 inch tires with fairly smooth tread, and it seemed efficient. The original handlebars curved back towards the seat which put you in an upright posture like the wicked witch of the west. I didn't like that but I traded to the straight handlebars of my wife's mountain bike so we both got the kind of handlebars and riding posture we like. I didn't use it regularly until 2022 when we moved close enough to FGCU that I could easily bike to work every day. A couple years of daily use and outdoor storage (I put a tarp over it but it still gets wet) degraded it to the point where each time I took it for a tune-up they lectured me that it would be cheaper to just get a new one. It's not my style to get rid of things that still work, but when I learned that my windsurfing buddy Max is a bike afficionado / refurbished bike dealer I got curious about what he might have for me.

For all my encyclopedic knowledge of wind and paddleboards equipment, I really don't know shit about bicycles. I wasn't even sure what kind of bicycle I would want if I could have any kind. But I'll admit to being a little road-bike-curious from seeing all the fit retiree road bikers zooming along Florida's straight, flat roads; often zooming past me even when I felt like I was riding fairly fast on my Walmart Schwinn. I also watched that Netflix series about the Tour de France and related to it because of its similarities to SUP racing (drafting, etc.). And even going WAY back to when I was a kid, I was curious about those ram's horns handlebars on my dad's ancient road bike in the garage that I never saw anyone ride. So when Max said he had various road bike variations I could try and maybe buy, I rode over there as fast as my Schwinn would take me.

Max and his wife Marissa are new parents, so an even-more-interesting-than-bicycles thing at their place was checking out their very cute baby and getting the rundown on all his precocious achievements, dietary experimentation, allergen exposure regime, etc. The first time I saw the baby (during a windsurfing session at the quarry lake Max lives on), he was very new and behaving like a bread loaf in a bread box. However, this time he was crawling around, pulling the dog's tail, making and imitating facial expressions, and generally indicating rapid progression towards being a delightful handful for his parents.

At some point we moved to the garage / bicycle laboratory and checked out Max' impressive hoard of bikes and parts. He had one "beater" bike that was sort of a road bike but with straight handlebars and simpler gearing, so I tried that first to build confidence. I didn't immediately crash, so it was on to the real road bike that Max had in mind for me.

This is the bike:

It seemed super fancy and high-performance, with carbon fiber components and clever aerodynamic and shock-absorbing details of frame, seat post, etc. Would I be able to ride it, though? The narrow, low handlebars and very leaned-forward posture were an awkward adjustment, but I tentatively rolled down the avenue. Even with hands on top of the handlebars I was way more aerodynamically positioned than on my old bike, and with hands on the dropped down part of the bars I felt extremely speed-crouched like a downhill skier. I don't know which aspects of a road bike are most important for making it faster than a normal bike, but the ducked posture and narrow/hard tires obviously contribute. The scariest road bike adjustment, where I felt most at risk of crashing, was switching hands between the upper and lower handle bar positions. Getting more confident with my weight distribution and balance is making that easier, though. The racey seat was uncomfortable at first, but slightly adjusting the height and angle helped a lot. Max and Marissa talked about humans' "sit bones" and the importance of getting them lined up with the supportive parts of the seat. I'm not sure I have the personal anatomical awareness to detect when I'm seated right, but I'll work on it.

At the end of the testing and tuning rides in Max's neighborhood I left my Schwinn with Max and rode home with what was now MY road bike. I tracked the ride with my GPS watch so I can start getting an idea of how fast the bike goes with different levels of effort. I got home a few minutes faster than I got to Max' house, but I was also riding harder and didn't hit the traffic lights and stuff the same so it's not a fair comparison. Maybe I'll do some more testing over the weekend. In the meantime I'm riding the bike to work and getting more tuned to it.

MLK vs. the idea that some people have the right to dominate others

The United States has several federal holidays that celebrate people or historical events of significance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States

One of the most inspiring among these is Martin Luther King Day, established by a bipartisan bill in 1986 to honor slain civil rights activist Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK). MLK was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and murdered on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. We celebrate MLK day on the third Monday of every January. The main reasons I think MLK day is so inspiring are:

1. Because of Martin Luther King’s amazing leadership of a huge and successful movement to gain civil rights for black Americans and end (legal) racial segregation. King also worked tirelessly against the oppression of the poor by the rich (e.g., he supported organized labor, tenants’ rights, etc.) and he was a global peace activist who opposed the Vietnam War. He wasn’t perfect (nobody is), but in all our history he is unquestioningly among the Americans who have done the most to help other people and improve society, joining a legacy also full of the great abolitionists and suffragists of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

2. Because our embrace of Martin Luther King’s legacy shows that we are capable of recognizing and rejecting the evils of our past and becoming a better, more egalitarian society. MLK was a Baptist minister, and for all my skepticism of religion I am still incredibly moved by the spiritual aspect of his humility and self-sacrifice. At the broader scale, our nation’s struggling transformation from enslavers and oppressors to protectors of freedom for all is our truest enactment of this ideal of spiritual change and betterment.

Of course, our nation’s transformation is incomplete, tenuous, and imperiled. WE MUST NOT FALL BACK INTO THE EVILS THAT KING HELPED US OVERCOME. We are at dire risk of doing just that now because of the fascist regime that has risen to power here.

The regime’s rise owes to the awkward but dangerously successful political marriage of blue-collar white people and the ultra-wealthy elite. This awkward marriage was the “southern strategy” that Nixon’s republicans began in MLK’s time and which lead to Reagan and eventually to the Tea Party and Trump. Trump’s MAGA regime is now the apotheosis of the southern strategy; enthroning a gold-draped billionaire while deploying armies of poor goons to terrorize perceived enemies. The only philosophical tenet uniting the extremely wealthy and the aggrieved poor is the horrible idea that some people have a right to dominate others. This is the polar opposite of the loving, egalitarian society that MLK dreamed of. MLK’s dream is the clear vision we need to fight the fascist corruption taking hold. (And that is why modern propagandists perennially seek to co-opt, distort, and denigrate King’s legacy. Watch out for them.)

3. There’s a third one and it’s a tough one for me. It’s King’s courageous practice of non-violent resistance, refusing to meet hate with hate. He said, “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” To win freedom for oppressed black people in America he had to touch a spark of love and sympathy in the hearts of largely indifferent white people. While his movement eschewed the strength of arms it grew in the power of moral righteousness enough to finally turn the tide of public opinion. Maybe that is not always possible, but it was so, so beautiful and I want that more than anything for America again today.